HS Chemistry

2. Biological, chemical, and physical properties of matter result from the ability of atoms to form bonds from electrostatic forces between electrons and protons and between atoms and molecules. As a basis for understanding this concept:

California Content Standards		eTAP Lessons
		Outside Link
a.	Students know atoms combine to form molecules by sharing electrons to form covalent or metallic bonds or by exchanging electrons to form ionic bonds.	3-1: Covalent, Metallic or Ionic Bonds	Physical Science Series: Chemical Bonding Elements of Chemistry: Compounds and Reactions

b.	Students know chemical bonds between atoms in molecules such as H₂, CH₄, NH₃, H₂CCH₂, N₂, Cl₂, and many large biological molecules are covalent.	3-2: Chemical Bonds in Molecular Atoms	Biology: The Science of Life: Molecules and Evolution

c.	Students know salt crystals, such as NaCl, are repeating patterns of positive and negative ions held together by electrostatic attraction.	3-3: Salt Crystals	Geologist's Notebook: What Exactly Are Minerals?

d.	Students know the atoms and molecules in liquids move in a random pattern relative to one another because the intermolecular forces are too weak to hold the atoms or molecules in a solid form.	3-4: How Atoms and Molecules Move in Liquid?	Physical Science: Chemistry Simply Science: Water's Physical Properties

e.	Students know how to draw Lewis dot structures.	3-5: Lewis Dot Structure and Molecular Shape

f.	Students know how to predict the shape of simple molecules and their polarity from Lewis dot structures.	3-5: Lewis Dot Structure and Molecular Shape

g.	Students know how electronegativity and ionization energy relate to bond formation.	3-6: Electronegativity, Ionization, and Bond Formation	Chemistry Connections: Molar Enthalpies and Formation Reactions Physical Science Series: Chemical Bonding

h.	Students know how to identify solids and liquids held together by Van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonding and relate these forces to volatility and boiling/melting point temperatures.	3-7: Van Der Waals Forces

3. The conservation of atoms in chemical reactions leads to the principle of conservation of matter and the ability to calculate the mass of products and reactants. As a basis for understanding this concept

California Content Standards		eTAP Lessons
		Outside Link
a.	Students know how to describe chemical reactions by writing balanced equations.	4-1: Descriptions of Chemical Reactions and Writing Chemical Equations	Chemistry Connections: Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Using Oxidation Numbers

b.	Students know the quantity one mole is set by defining one mole of carbon 12 atoms to have a mass of exactly 12 grams.	4-2: Mole Theory and Molar Mass	Forensic Detectives: Chemistry at Work

c.	Students know one mole equals 6.02 x 10²³ particles (atoms or molecules).	4-2: Mole Theory and Molar Mass	Chemistry Connections: Quantitative Electrolysis

d.	Students know how to determine the molar mass of a molecule from its chemical formula and a table of atomic masses and how to convert the mass of a molecular substance to moles, number of particles, or volume of gas at standard temperature and pressure.	4-2: Mole Theory and Molar Mass	Elements of Physics: Matter: Atoms and Molecules

e.	Students know how to calculate the masses of reactants and products in a chemical reaction from the mass of one of the reactants or products and the relevant atomic masses.	4-3: Reactant and Product Mass Calculations	Chemistry Connections: Opposing Reactions in Equilibrium Systems

f.	Students know how to calculate percent yield in a chemical reaction.	4-4: Percent Yield Calculations in Chemical Reactions	Physical Science Series: Chemical Reactions

g.	Students know how to identify reactions that involve oxidation and reduction and how to balance oxidation-reduction reactions.	4-5: Oxidation and Reduction	Chemistry Connections: An Introduction to Oxidation and Reduction

4. The kinetic molecular theory describes the motion of atoms and molecules and explains the properties of gases. As a basis for understanding this concept:

California Content Standards		eTAP Lessons
		Outside Link
a.	Students know the random motion of molecules and their collisions with a surface create the observable pressure on that surface.	5-1: Gas Pressure	Elements of Chemistry: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

b.	Students know the random motion of molecules explains the diffusion of gases.	5-2: Gas Diffusion	Simply Science: Matter and Energy On The Move

c.	Students know how to apply the gas laws to relations between the pressure, temperature, and volume of any amount of an ideal gas or any mixture of ideal gases.	5-3: Gas Laws	Elements of Chemistry: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

d.	Students know the values and meanings of standard temperature and pressure (STP).	5-4: Standard Temperature and Pressure	Chemistry Connections: Dynamic Equilibrium

e.	Students know how to convert between the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales.	5-5: Celsius and Kelvin Scales	Measure for Measure Time and Temperature Heat and Temperature

f.	Students know there is no temperature lower than 0 Kelvin.	5-5: Celsius and Kelvin Scales

g.	Students know the kinetic theory of gases relates the absolute temperature of a gas to the average kinetic energy of its molecules or atoms.	5-6: Kinetic Theory of Gases	Simply Science: Energy Transformations

h.	Students know how to solve problems by using the ideal gas law in the form PV = nRT.	5-7: Ideal Gas Law	Elements of Chemistry: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

i.	Students know how to apply Dalton's law of partial pressures to describe the composition of gases and Graham's law to predict diffusion of gases.	5-8: Dalton's Law	Elements of Chemistry: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5. Acids, bases, and salts are three classes of compounds that form ions in water solutions. As a basis for understanding this concept:

California Content Standards		eTAP Lessons
		Outside Link
a.	Students know the observable properties of acids, bases, and salt solutions.	6-1: Properties of Acids, Bases and Salt Solutions	Elements of Chemistry: Acids, Bases, and Salts

b.	Students know acids are hydrogen-ion-donating and bases are hydrogen-ion-accepting substances.	6-1: Properties of Acids, Bases and Salt Solutions	Chemistry Connections: Acids Bases and the Ion Product Constant of Water

c.	Students know strong acids and bases fully dissociate and weak acids and bases partially dissociate.	6-2: Dissociation

d.	Students know how to use the pH scale to characterize acid and base solutions.	6-3: pH	Chemistry Connections: Acid-Base Calculations

e.	Students know the Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis acid-base definitions.	6-4: Base Definitions	Chemistry Connections: Acids and Bases Defined

f.	Students know how to calculate pH from the hydrogen-ion concentration.	6-5: pH and Hydrogen-Ion Calculations	Chemistry Connections: Acid-Base Calculations

g.	Students know buffers stabilize pH in acid-base reactions.	6-6: Buffers	Chemistry Connections: Buffers and Buffer Systems

6. Solutions are homogenous mixtures of two or more substances. As a basis for understanding this concept:

California Content Standards		eTAP Lessons
		Outside Link
a.	Students know the definitions of solute and solvent.	7-1: Solute and Solvent	Physical Science Series: Mixtures and Solutions

b.	Students know how to describe the dissolving process at the molecular level by using the concept of random molecular motion.	7-2: Dissolving Process at the Molecular Level	Simply Science: Water: Highway of Life

c.	Students know temperature, pressure, and surface area affect the dissolving process.	7-2: Dissolving Process at the Molecular Level	Elements of Chemistry: Gases, Liquids, and Solids Chemistry Connections: Dynamic Equilibrium

d.	Students know how to calculate the concentration of a solute in terms of grams per liter, molarity, parts per million, and percent composition.	7-3: Concentration Calculations	Chemistry Connections: Acid-Base Titrations and Concentration Calculations

e.	Students know the relationship between the molality of a solute in a solution and the solution's depressed freezing point or elevated boiling point.	7-4: Concentration and Some Physical Properties	Chemistry Connections: cid-Base Titrations and Concentration Calculations Simply Science: Water's Physical Properties

f.	Students know how molecules in a solution are separated or purified by the methods of chromatography and distillation.	7-5: Chromatography and Distillation

7. Energy is exchanged or transformed in all chemical reactions and physical changes of matter. As a basis for understanding this concept:

California Content Standards		eTAP Lessons
		Outside Link
a.	Students know how to describe temperature and heat flow in terms of the motion of molecules (or atoms).	8-1: Heat Flow and Molecule (Atomic) Motion	Chemistry Connections: Energy from the Sun

b.	Students know chemical processes can either release (exothermic) or absorb (endothermic) thermal energy.	8-2: Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions	Physical Science Series: Chemical Reactions Chemistry Connections: Molar Enthalpy of Solution

c.	Students know energy is released when a material condenses or freezes and is absorbed when a material evaporates or melts.	8-3: Freezing, Evaporating and Melting	Physical Science Series: Phases of Matter Simply Science: Water's Physical Properties

d.	Students know how to solve problems involving heat flow and temperature changes, using known values of specific heat and latent heat of phase change.	8-4: Problems Involving Heat Flow	Chemistry Connections: Specific Heat Capacity and Calorimetry Heat and the Changing States of Matter

e.	Students know how to apply Hess's law to calculate enthalpy change in a reaction.	8-5: Hess' Law	Chemistry Connections: Hess's Law and Enthalpy Communication

f.	Students know how to use the Gibbs free energy equation to determine whether a reaction would be spontaneous.	8-6: Gibbs Free Energy Equation	Chemistry Connections: Introduction to Thermochemical Changes

8. Chemical reaction rates depend on factors that influence the frequency of collision of reactant molecules. As a basis for understanding this concept:

California Content Standards		eTAP Lessons
		Outside Link
a.	Students know the rate of reaction is the decrease in concentration of reactants or the increase in concentration of products with time.	9-1: Rate of Reaction	Chemistry Connections: Dynamic Equilibrium

b.	Students know how reaction rates depend on such factors as concentration, temperature, and pressure.	9-2: Concentration, Temperature and Pressure	Physical Science Series: Chemical Reactions Chemistry Connections: Molar Enthalpies and Formation Reactions

c.	Students know the role a catalyst plays in increasing the reaction rate.	9-3: Catalysts	Chemistry Connections: Energy from the Sun

d.	Students know the definition and role of activation energy in a chemical reaction.	9-4: Activation Energy	Chemistry Connections: Energy from the Sun

9. Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic process at the molecular level. As a basis for understanding this concept:

California Content Standards		eTAP Lessons
		Outside Link
a.	Students know how to use LeChatelier's principle to predict the effect of changes in concentration, temperature, and pressure.	10-1: LeChatelier's Principle	Chemistry Connections: Opposing Reactions and Le Chatelier's Principle

b.	Students know equilibrium is established when forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.	10-2: Equilibrium	Chemistry Connections: Opposing Reactions in Equilibrium Systems

c.	Students know how to write and calculate an equilibrium constant expression for a reaction.	10-3: Equilibrium Constant Calculation	Chemistry Connections: Equilibrium Systems in Methanol Production

10. The bonding characteristics of carbon allow the formation of many different organic molecules of varied sizes, shapes, and chemical properties and provide the biochemical basis of life. As a basis for understanding this concept:

California Content Standards		eTAP Lessons
		Outside Link
a.	Students know large molecules (polymers), such as proteins, nucleic acids, and starch, are formed by repetitive combinations of simple subunits.	11-1: Polymers	Elements of Chemistry: Carbon: The Element of Life

b.	Students know the bonding characteristics of carbon that result in the formation of a large variety of structures ranging from simple hydrocarbons to complex polymers and biological molecules.	11-2: Carbon's Bonding Characteristics	Elements of Chemistry: Carbon: The Element of Life Enviro-Tacklebox: Module 5: Processes and Cycles in the Environment: Carbon: The Element of Surprise

c.	Students know amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.	11-3: Amino Acids and Proteins	Biologix: Translation and Protein Synthesis

d.	Students know the system for naming the ten simplest linear hydrocarbons and isomers that contain single bonds, simple hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds, and simple molecules that contain a benzene ring.	11-4: Naming of Linear Hydrocarbons and Isomers	Elements of Chemistry: Carbon: The Element of Life Chemistry Connections: Energy from the Sun

e.	Students know how to identify the functional groups that form the basis of alcohols, ketones, ethers, amines, esters, aldehydes, and organic acids.	11-5: Functional Groups	Elements of Chemistry: Carbon: The Element of Life

f.	Students know the R-group structure of amino acids and know how they combine to form the polypeptide backbone structure of proteins.	11-6: R-Group Structure	Biologix: Translation and Protein Synthesis

11. Nuclear processes are those in which an atomic nucleus changes, including radioactive decay of naturally occurring and human-made isotopes, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion. As a basis for understanding this concept:

California Content Standards		eTAP Lessons
		Outside Link
a.	Students know protons and neutrons in the nucleus are held together by nuclear forces that overcome the electromagnetic repulsion between the protons.	12-1: Nuclear Forces	Greatest Discoveries with Bill Nye: Physics Elements of Physics: Energy: Work and Power

b.	Students know the energy release per gram of material is much larger in nuclear fusion or fission reactions than in chemical reactions. The change in mass (calculated by E = mc²) is small but significant in nuclear reactions.	12-2: Energy Release in Nuclear Fusion	Physical Science: Nuclear Energy Spin Around the Solar System, A: The Sun: Our Star Attraction Chemistry Connections: Nuclear Changes

c.	Students know some naturally occurring isotopes of elements are radioactive, as are isotopes formed in nuclear reactions.	12-3: Naturally Occurring Isotopes	Elements of Chemistry: Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter

d.	Students know the three most common forms of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, and gamma) and know how the nucleus changes in each type of decay.	12-4: Three Common Forms of Radioactive Decay	Physics: A World in Motion: Radioactive Decay

e.	Students know alpha, beta, and gamma radiation produce different amounts and kinds of damage in matter and have different penetrations.	12-5: Radiation	Physics: A World in Motion: Radioactivity Physics: A World in Motion: The Bohr Model of the Atom

f.	Students know how to calculate the amount of a radioactive substance remaining after an integral number of half lives have passed.	12-6: Radioactive Substance Calculations	Physics: A World in Motion: Radioactive Decay

g.	Students know protons and neutrons have substructures and consist of particles called quarks.	12-7: Quarks	Elements of Physics: Matter: Atoms and Molecules